Holy grail of tree diversity lies in the soil

LONDON - Unravelling one of life’s biggest mysteries, researchers have now found what exactly determines plant diversity in a forest- soil-borne pathogens.

A team of researchers led by biologists at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM) has shown that soil-borne pathogens are one important mechanism that can maintain species diversity and explain patterns of tree abundance in a forest.

In a self-limiting process called “negative feedback,” researchers, led by Scott Mangan and Stefan Schnitzer, have observed that the farther from the parent tree a seed falls, the better it fares.

Negative feedbacks occur when juveniles growing near an adult of the same species are particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of enemies that accumulate in the soil near the adult tree.

In both greenhouse and field experiments, the researchers found clues that tree species differ in their susceptibilities to enemies found in the soil, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi.

The research reinforces the conclusion that certain tree species are abundant in forests because they are less susceptible to pathogens in the soil than rarer tree species, said Mangan.

“Strong negative feedbacks with soil-borne pathogens prevent rare tree species from becoming abundant,” Nature quoted him as saying.

The study has shown that more abundant tree species exhibit the weakest negative feedbacks - the opposite of what the team expected, said Schnitzer.

And when the team scaled up the empirical data using simulation models they created, they found the same relationship between negative feedbacks and abundance.

Schnitzer emphasizes that the work describes what could be one of many mechanisms that determine species abundance in forests.

“We don’t claim that because we found evidence of one mechanism, that there aren’t others that also could be at work, but we know that this one is probably very important,” he said.

The study is published in the journal Nature. (ANI)