Africa has two, not one, species of elephant

WASHINGTON - A new research has resolved a long-standing debate after confirming that Africa has two-not one-species of elephant.

Using genetic analysis, scientists from Harvard, the University of Illinois and the University of York in the UK have shown that the African savanna elephant and the smaller African forest elephant have been largely separated for several million years.

They compared the DNA of modern elephants from Africa and Asia to DNA that they extracted from two extinct species: the woolly mammoth and the mastodon.

This is the first time that the Asian elephant, African forest elephant, African savanna elephant, the extinct woolly mammoth, and the extinct American mastodon have been looked at together.

“Experimentally, we had a major challenge to extract DNA sequences from two fossils-mammoths and mastodons-and line them up with DNA from modern elephants over hundreds of sections of the genome,” said research scientist Nadin Rohland of the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School.

“The surprising finding is that forest and savanna elephants from Africa-which some have argued are the same species-are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths,” said David Reich, associate professor in the same department.

The researchers only had DNA from a single elephant in each species, but had collected enough data from each genome to traverse millions of years of evolution to the time when elephants first diverged from each other.

“The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of the Asian elephant and woolly mammoths,” said Professor Michi Hofreiter, who specializes in the study of ancient DNA in the Department of Biology at York.

“The split between African savanna and forest elephants is almost as old as the split between humans and chimpanzees. This result amazed us all,” he added.

The possibility that the two might be separate species was first raised in 2001, but this is the most compelling scientific evidence so far that they are indeed distinct.

Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species, despite the significant size differences.

The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 meters whereas the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 meters. he savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.

The DNA analysis, however, revealed a wide range of genetic diversity within each species.

The savanna elephant and woolly mammoth have very low genetic diversity, Asian elephants have medium diversity, and forest elephants have very high diversity.

The researchers believed that this was due to varying levels of reproductive competition among males.

“We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes,” said Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois.

“Since 1950, all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purposes,” he added.

The findings appear online in PLoS Biology. (ANI)