African fossils found that fit transition between ancient apes and modern hominids

African fossils may fit gap between apes, humans

WASHINGTON — Two skeletons nearly 2 million years old and unearthed in South Africa are part of a previously unknown species that scientists say fits the transition from ancient apes to modern humans.

The fossils bear traits from both lineages, and researchers have named them Australopithecus sediba, meaning “southern ape, wellspring,” to indicate their relation to earlier apelike forms and to features later found in more modern people.

“These fossils give us an extraordinarily detailed look into a new chapter of human evolution and provide a window into a critical period when hominids made the committed change from dependency on life in the trees to life on the ground,” said Lee R. Berger of South Africa’s University of Witwatersrand. “Australopithecus sediba appears to present a mosaic of features demonstrating an animal comfortable in both worlds.”

Berger and colleagues describe the find in Friday’s issue of the journal Science.

Modern humans, known as Homo sapiens, descended over millions of years from earlier groups, such as Australopithecus, the best-known example of which may be the fossil Lucy, who lived about a million years before the newly discovered A. sediba.

Berger said the newly described fossils date between 1.95 million and 1.78 million years ago.

Some have characterized the find as a “missing link,” but that is a concept no longer accepted by science.

“The ‘missing link’ made sense when we could take the earliest fossils and the latest ones and line them up in a row. It was easy back then,” explained Smithsonian Institution paleontologist Richard Potts. But now researchers know there was great diversity of branches in the human family tree rather than a single smooth line.

The two new fossils were found in a pit in what was once a cave, their bones preserved by hardened sediment that buried them in a flood shortly after they died, the researchers said.

One was a female estimated to have been in her late 20s or early 30s and the other was a male age 8 or 9, according to the report. Two more have been found since this discovery, but Berger declined to detail them.

Berger said their features suggest that the transition from earlier groups to the Homo genus occurred in very slow stages.

“We can conclude that this new species shares more derived features with early Homo than any other known australopith species, and thus represents a candidate ancestor for the genus, or a sister group to a close ancestor that persisted for some time after the first appearance of Homo,” he said.

But, Berger said, it isn’t yet Homo because it “doesn’t have the whole package.”

A. sediba could turn out to be a sort of Rosetta stone that helps unlock the secrets of the development of the genus Homo, Berger said, even if it turns out to be a side branch.

According to the researchers, A. sediba had an advanced hip bone and long legs, allowing it to stride like humans, but also had long arms and powerful hands like an ape. Both the female and the juvenile were 1.27 meters tall (about 4 feet 2 inches). The female would have weighed 33 kilograms (about 73 pounds) and the child 27 kilograms (about 60 pounds).

“The brain size of the juvenile was between 420 and 450 cubic centimeters (about 26.5 to 27.5 cubic inches), which is small, but the shape of the brain seems to be more advanced than that of Australopithecines,” the researchers reported. Our human brains are about 73 to 98 cubic inches.

While the skeletons had traits of both genuses, the researchers said they chose to classify them conservatively as Australopithecus, rather than Homo, because of their upper body design and brain size.

Potts, director of the Human Origins Project at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, noted that other examples with some Australopithecine and some Homo traits existed as much as a half-million years before A. sediba. This particular combination has not been seen before, he said.

“It’s part of the experimentation of evolution,” said Potts, who was not part of Berger’s research team. Also, he cautioned, because there are only two examples there is no way to know if the gene pool died out or was passed along to others.

Funding for the research was provided by the South African Department of Science and Technology, the South African National Research Foundation, the Institute for Human Evolution, the Palaeontological Scientific Trust, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the AfricaArray Program, the U.S. Diplomatic Mission to South Africa and Sir Richard Branson, the billionaire founder of Virgin Group Ltd.

On the Net:

Science: www.sciencemag.org